Diphtheria Virus

This research develops a mathematical model to study the spread of diphtheria and its cardiovascular complications. The population is divided into compartments, susceptible, exposed, infected, quarantined, treated, and individuals with heart complications—with interactions described using conformable fractional derivatives to capture memory effects and realistic disease progression. The basic reproduction number R0 is calculated using the next-generation matrix method to measure disease transmission, and sensitivity analysis identifies key factors influencing infection and cardiac involvement. Local and global stability analyses show that when R0<1, the disease-free equilibrium is stable, preventing further spread and heart damage. Overall, the study demonstrates that timely treatment and cardiac monitoring are crucial for controlling diphtheria and reducing heart-related complications.