Diabetes Dynamics

Diabetic nephropathy is driven by multiple factors, including hyperglycemia, AGE–RAGE signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and disrupted calcium homeostasis, but their combined effects remain unclear. In this study, we develop a mathematical model linking postprandial glucose fluctuations to AGE–RAGE activation, ROS production, calcium dysregulation, and progressive kidney damage through a system of differential equations with feedback dynamics. Sensitivity analysis shows that calcium extrusion and AGE degradation rates are key determinants of disease progression, highlighting calcium regulation as a potential therapeutic target.